਀吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀  ㄀㤀㜀㜀 㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

Ilya Prigogine

਀㰀瀀㸀 Ilya Prigogine (NL) coined the phrase, as a name for the patterns which self-organize in far-from-equilibrium dissipative systems. He thinks they're unbelievably important, and says so at great length in his books. Some of us physicists believe him; some are skeptical; I am leaning towards skepticism. ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㈀ 猀爀挀㴀∀㄀⸀最椀昀∀㸀 But to explain. Dissipation inspires the wrath of the moralist and the envy of most others; for the physicist, however, it is merely faintly depressing. We call something dissipative if it looses energy to waste-heat. (Technically: if volume in the phase space is not conserved.) The famous Second Law of Thermodynamics amounts to saying that, if something is isolated from the rest of the world, it will dissipate all the free energy it has. Equivalently, it maximizes its entropy. Thermal equilibrium is the state of maximum entropy. ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 If something is (in a well-defined sense) near thermal equilibrium, one can show that its behavior is governed by linear differential equations (hence the name "linear thermodynamics" for the appropriate body of theory), and that left to itself it will approach equilibrium exponentially (hence the somewhat more common name "irreversible thermodynamics"). Here we are guided, not by the entropy, but by "entropy production," the rate of increase in entropy. Since, once we reach equilibrium, the entropy cannot increase (by definition), the entropy production at equilibrium is zero, and the entropy production is always decreasing (the "principle of minimum entropy production"). ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In general, however, things are not well-isolated from the rest of the world. If energy arrives from the outside as quickly as it is dissipated, even bodies in the linear regime can be kept away from equilibrium. (Hence various Creationist arguments about the Second Law are worthless: neither living things nor the Earth are well-isolated from the rest of the universe, as may be observed every day at sunrise.) Thus dissipation, and why dissipative systems are not necessarily dull as dish-water. So you can have structures in dissipative systems, and there's no reason not to call them "dissipative structures", though it's not obvious that there are many interesting generalizations about them. ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 "Far-from-equilibrium" means that your system is so far from its thermal equilibrium that the linear laws I mentioned a moment ago no longer apply; non-linear terms become important. The only general rule about the solution to non-linear differential equations is that there are no general rules; hence the interest in the subject. (Cf. Chaos and non-linear dynamics.) This is not good news, of course, if what you want to do is extend thermodynamics to the far-from-equilibrium case. But, one might suppose, matters are not totally hopeless; we aren't talking about just any arbitrary system of equations, but the particular ones important in thermodynamics; perhaps there is some general principle (like those of maximum entropy, or minimum entropy production) which can guide us to solutions. What Prigogine claims to have done is to have found, if not another extremum principle, then at least an inequality (a "universal evolution criterion"), and to have used it to work out the theory of dissipative structures, according to which patterns are supposed to form when the uniform, uninteresting "thermodynamic branch" of the system becomes unstable. The math for all this is analogous to that of equilibrium phase transitions with "broken symmetry", where, again, a uniform state becomes unstable, forcing the system into a patterned, coherent one to minimize free energy. Even without Prigogine's claims that this theory is Very Significant to biology and social science, even without the philosophical and cultural importance he claims for it, this would be very interesting, and the big question is whether he's right, i.e., whether and to what the theory applies, whether, so to speak, there are Dissipative Structures and not just dissipative structures. ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 "Of course he's right," one is tempted to say. "Everyone acknolwedges he's an expert on thermodynamics; he was part of the Brussels School which basically invented irreversible thermodynamics; he won the Nobel Prize, for crying out loud!" But irreversible thermodynamics is very different, and that was a long time ago --- the forties and fifties and early sixties; that was what the Nobel was for. ("And besides the wench is dead.") ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 And then there is the matter of his scientific peers --- not the systems theorists and similar riff-raff, but the experts in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics and pattern formation. One of them (P. Hohenberg, co-author of the latest Review of Modern Physics book on the state of the art on pattern formation) was willing to be quoted by Scientific American (May 1995, "From Complexity to Perplexity") to the effect that "I don't know of a single phenomenon his theory has explained." ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 This is extreme, but it becomes more plausible the more one looks into the actual experimental literature. For instance, chemical oscillations and waves are supposed to be particularly good Dissipative Structures; Prigogine and his collaborators have devoted hundreds if not thousands of pages to their analysis, with a special devotion to the Belousov-Zhabotisnky reagent, which is the classic chemical oscillator. Unfortunately, as Arthur Winfree points out (When Time Breaks Down, Princeton UP, 1987, pp. 189--90), "the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reagent ... is perfectly stable in its uniform quiescence," but can be distrubed into oscillation and wave-formation. This is precisely what cannot be true, if the theory of Dissipative Structures is to apply, and Winfree accordingly judges that "the first step [in understanding these phenomena], which no theorist would have anticipated, is to set aside the mathematical literature" produced by a "ponderous industry of theoretical elaboration". --- Needless to say, Winfree is not opposed to theory or mathematics, and his superb The Geometry of Biological Time (Springer-Verlag, 1980) is full of both. ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Somewhat more diplomatic is Philip W. Anderson, one of the Old Turks of the Santa Fe Institute, and himself a Nobelist. I refer in particular to the very interesting paper he co-authored with Daniel L. Stein, "Broken Symmetry, Emergent Properties, Disspiative Structures, Life: Are They Related", in F. Eugene Yates (ed.), Self-Organizing Systems: The Emergence of Order (NY: Plenum Press, 1987), p. 445--457. The editor's abstract is as follows: ਀吀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀 猀礀洀洀攀琀爀礀ⴀ戀爀攀愀欀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 ⠀氀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀漀 瀀栀愀猀攀 挀栀愀渀最攀⤀ 愀渀搀 椀渀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 昀愀爀 昀爀漀洀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 ⠀氀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀漀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 挀漀渀挀氀甀搀攀 琀栀最愀琀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀椀琀礀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 椀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 氀攀愀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀洀攀爀最攀渀琀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 漀昀 猀瀀愀琀椀愀氀 瘀愀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 愀 栀漀洀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 戀愀挀欀最爀漀甀渀搀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀戀椀爀椀甀洀 挀愀猀攀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 瀀愀爀愀洀攀琀攀爀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 氀攀愀搀猀 琀漀 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 挀漀爀爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 瀀愀爀愀洀攀琀攀爀 漀瘀攀爀 洀愀挀爀漀猀挀漀瀀椀挀 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 猀礀洀洀攀琀爀礀 瀀栀愀猀攀 ⠀愀猀 攀砀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀 昀攀爀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 搀漀洀愀椀渀⤀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 挀漀爀爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀 攀渀搀漀眀猀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ猀挀愀氀攀搀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 爀椀最椀搀椀琀礀Ⰰ 愀甀琀漀渀漀洀礀 漀爀 瀀攀爀洀愀渀攀渀挀攀⸀ 䤀渀 挀漀渀琀爀愀猀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀 愀猀猀攀爀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀漀攀爀礀 漀昀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 ⠀搀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀愀爀礀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 渀漀 猀琀愀戀氀攀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 愀琀 愀氀氀℀ 匀礀洀洀攀琀爀礀ⴀ戀爀攀愀欀椀渀最 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 瘀漀爀琀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀瘀攀挀琀椀漀渀 挀攀氀氀猀 椀渀 昀氀甀椀搀猀 ⴀⴀⴀ 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 昀爀漀洀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀 椀渀猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 戀椀昀甀爀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 ⴀⴀⴀ 愀爀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 甀渀猀琀愀戀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀椀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 猀琀愀戀氀攀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀⸀ 

਀吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀 搀漀 渀漀琀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀愀琀 猀瀀攀挀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 猀礀洀洀攀琀爀椀攀猀 挀愀渀Ⰰ 愀琀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀Ⰰ 戀攀 爀攀氀攀瘀愀渀琀 琀漀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀猀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 氀椀昀攀⸀

਀ ਀  In his memorable series "Etudes sur le temps humain", Georges Poulet devoted one volume to the "Mesure de l'instant".1 There he proposed a classification of authors according to the importance they give to the past, present and future. I believe that in such a typology my position would be an extreme one, as I live mostly in the future. And thus it is not too easy a task to write this autobiographical account, to which I would like to give a personal tone. But the present explains the past.਀ ਀䤀渀 洀礀 一漀戀攀氀 䰀攀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 䤀 猀瀀攀愀欀 洀甀挀栀 愀戀漀甀琀 昀氀甀挀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀㬀 洀愀礀戀攀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 渀漀琀 甀渀爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 搀甀爀椀渀最 洀礀 氀椀昀攀 䤀 昀攀氀琀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀椀挀愀挀礀 漀昀 猀琀爀椀欀椀渀最 挀漀椀渀挀椀搀攀渀挀攀猀 眀栀漀猀攀 挀甀洀甀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 愀爀攀 琀漀 戀攀 猀攀攀渀 椀渀 洀礀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 眀漀爀欀⸀

਀䤀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 䴀漀猀挀漀眀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㈀㔀琀栀 漀昀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㄀㜀 ⴀ 愀 昀攀眀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 栀愀搀 愀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀栀椀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 爀攀最椀洀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀 眀攀 氀攀昀琀 刀甀猀猀椀愀 愀猀 攀愀爀氀礀 愀猀 ㄀㤀㈀㄀⸀ 䘀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 ⠀甀渀琀椀氀 ㄀㤀㈀㤀⤀Ⰰ 眀攀 氀椀瘀攀搀 愀猀 洀椀最爀愀渀琀猀 椀渀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀Ⰰ 戀攀昀漀爀攀 眀攀 猀琀愀礀攀搀 昀漀爀 最漀漀搀 椀渀 䈀攀氀最椀甀洀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀琀 䈀爀甀猀猀攀氀猀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 愀琀琀攀渀搀攀搀 猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 愀渀搀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⸀ 䤀 愀挀焀甀椀爀攀搀 䈀攀氀最椀愀渀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀椀琀礀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㐀㤀⸀

਀䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 刀漀洀愀渀 倀爀椀最漀最椀渀攀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 搀椀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㐀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 愀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀漀猀挀漀眀 倀漀氀礀琀攀挀栀渀椀挀⸀ 䴀礀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀 䄀氀攀砀愀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 昀漀甀爀 礀攀愀爀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 洀攀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀Ⰰ 愀猀 䤀 搀椀搀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀甀爀爀椀挀甀氀甀洀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀 䰀椀戀爀攀 搀攀 䈀爀甀砀攀氀氀攀猀⸀ 䤀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 栀漀眀 洀甀挀栀 䤀 栀攀猀椀琀愀琀攀搀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 挀栀漀漀猀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀㬀 愀猀 䤀 氀攀昀琀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 ⠀䜀爀攀挀漀ⴀ䰀愀琀椀渀⤀ 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䤀砀攀氀氀攀猀 䄀琀栀攀渀愀攀甀洀Ⰰ 洀礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 眀愀猀 洀漀爀攀 昀漀挀甀猀攀搀 漀渀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 愀渀搀 愀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 琀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 洀甀猀椀挀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 瀀椀愀渀漀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 爀攀愀搀 洀甀猀椀挀愀氀 猀挀漀爀攀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 䤀 爀攀愀搀 瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 眀漀爀搀猀⸀ 䄀渀搀Ⰰ 琀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 洀礀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀椀琀攀 瀀愀猀琀椀洀攀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 瀀椀愀渀漀 瀀氀愀礀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 洀礀 昀爀攀攀 琀椀洀攀 昀漀爀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 椀猀 戀攀挀漀洀椀渀最 洀漀爀攀 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀攀搀⸀

਀匀椀渀挀攀 洀礀 愀搀漀氀攀猀挀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 爀攀愀搀 洀愀渀礀 瀀栀椀氀漀猀漀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 琀攀砀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀 猀琀椀氀氀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀氀氀 ∀䰀✀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 挀爀愀琀爀椀挀攀∀ 挀愀猀琀 漀渀 洀攀⸀ 䴀漀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 䤀 昀攀氀琀 琀栀愀琀 猀漀洀攀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀 眀愀猀 攀洀戀攀搀搀攀搀Ⰰ 猀琀椀氀氀 琀漀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀 攀砀瀀氀椀挀椀琀Ⰰ 椀渀 䈀攀爀最猀漀渀✀猀 爀攀洀愀爀欀㨀

਀∀吀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 搀攀攀瀀氀礀 眀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 眀攀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 搀甀爀愀琀椀漀渀 洀攀愀渀猀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀漀爀洀猀Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀漀甀猀 攀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀氀礀 渀攀眀⸀∀

਀䘀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀 挀漀椀渀挀椀搀攀渀挀攀猀 洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀 挀栀漀椀挀攀 昀漀爀 洀礀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⸀ 䤀渀搀攀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 氀攀搀 洀攀 琀漀 愀渀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀⸀ 䄀渀搀 猀漀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㤀㐀㄀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀昀攀爀爀攀搀 洀礀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀漀挀琀漀爀愀氀 搀攀最爀攀攀⸀ 嘀攀爀礀 猀漀漀渀Ⰰ 琀眀漀 漀昀 洀礀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀漀 攀砀攀爀琀 愀渀 攀渀搀甀爀椀渀最 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀礀 昀甀琀甀爀攀 眀漀爀欀⸀

਀䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 吀栀漀瀀栀椀氀攀 䐀攀 䐀漀渀搀攀爀 ⠀㄀㠀㜀㌀ⴀ㄀㤀㔀㜀⤀⸀㈀ 圀栀愀琀 愀渀 愀洀椀愀戀氀攀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 栀攀 眀愀猀℀ 䈀漀爀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀Ⰰ 栀攀 戀攀最愀渀 栀椀猀 挀愀爀攀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 眀愀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 ⠀椀渀 ㄀㠀㤀㘀⤀ 挀漀渀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 䐀漀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 倀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 攀瘀攀爀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 愀渀礀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 愀琀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⸀

਀䤀琀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㠀 ⴀ 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 㐀㔀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀氀搀 ⴀ 琀栀愀琀 䐀攀 䐀漀渀搀攀爀 挀漀甀氀搀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀 栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 栀攀 眀愀猀 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 愀猀 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䄀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀攀最愀渀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 搀攀氀愀礀 琀栀攀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 漀昀 愀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 昀漀爀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀猀⸀

਀䄀氀氀漀眀 洀攀 琀漀 最椀瘀攀 礀漀甀 猀漀洀攀 洀漀爀攀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀琀 椀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 挀椀爀挀甀洀猀琀愀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 戀椀爀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀爀甀猀猀攀氀猀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀

਀䤀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 昀甀氀氀礀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 䐀攀 䐀漀渀搀攀爀✀猀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 爀攀挀愀氀氀 琀栀愀琀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 眀漀爀欀 戀礀 䌀氀愀甀猀椀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 椀渀攀焀甀愀氀椀琀礀㨀 ∀甀渀挀漀洀瀀攀渀猀愀琀攀搀 栀攀愀琀∀ 椀猀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 ⴀ 漀爀Ⰰ 椀渀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 琀攀爀洀猀Ⰰ 攀渀琀爀漀瀀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀渀攀焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 爀攀昀攀爀猀Ⰰ 漀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀Ⰰ 琀漀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 椀爀爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀爀攀 愀渀礀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀漀猀攀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 眀攀爀攀 瀀漀漀爀氀礀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀漀漀搀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀漀ⴀ挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 愀猀 ∀瀀愀爀愀猀椀琀椀挀∀ 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀漀甀氀搀 漀渀氀礀 栀椀渀搀攀爀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最㨀 栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 最爀漀眀琀栀 漀昀 愀 挀爀礀猀琀愀氀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 愀渀礀 椀渀琀爀椀渀猀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀⸀ 匀漀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 甀猀甀愀氀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀漀 氀椀洀椀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 漀昀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 氀愀眀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 攀渀琀爀漀瀀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 稀攀爀漀⸀

਀吀栀椀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 漀渀氀礀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 愀 ∀琀栀攀爀洀漀猀琀愀琀椀挀猀∀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀 洀攀爀椀琀 漀昀 䐀攀 䐀漀渀搀攀爀 眀愀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀爀漀瀀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 ∀猀昀甀洀愀琀漀∀ 眀栀攀渀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 椀琀 椀渀 愀 瀀爀攀挀椀猀攀 眀愀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀愀挀攀 漀昀 愀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 愀 渀攀眀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀漀 挀愀氀氀 ∀愀昀昀椀渀椀琀礀∀⸀㌀

਀䤀琀 椀猀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀搀愀礀 琀漀 最椀瘀攀 愀渀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀猀琀椀氀椀琀礀 琀栀愀琀 猀甀挀栀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀漀 洀攀攀琀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 䤀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㐀㘀Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀攀 䈀爀甀猀猀攀氀猀 䤀唀倀䄀倀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最Ⰰ㐀 愀昀琀攀爀 愀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 漀昀 椀爀爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀椀猀琀 漀昀 最爀攀愀琀 爀攀瀀甀琀攀 猀愀椀搀 琀漀 洀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀㨀 ∀䤀 愀洀 猀甀爀瀀爀椀猀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 最椀瘀攀 洀漀爀攀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 椀爀爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 琀爀愀渀猀椀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀愀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀愀氀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀⸀∀

਀䘀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 攀洀椀渀攀渀琀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀 搀攀爀漀最愀琀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀 愀琀琀椀琀甀搀攀⸀ 䤀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 洀甀挀栀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 昀爀漀洀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䔀搀洀漀渀搀 䈀愀甀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀 琀漀 䨀攀愀渀 倀攀爀爀椀渀 愀琀 倀愀爀椀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䠀攀渀搀爀椀欀 䬀爀愀洀攀爀猀 椀渀 䰀攀礀搀攀渀⸀

਀䐀攀 䐀漀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 漀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 瀀爀攀挀甀爀猀漀爀猀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 漀昀 倀椀攀爀爀攀 䐀甀栀攀洀⸀ 䈀甀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀Ⰰ 䐀攀 䐀漀渀搀攀爀 眀攀渀琀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀 最愀瘀攀 愀 渀攀眀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 猀甀挀栀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 愀猀 愀昀昀椀渀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 愀猀 愀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 瘀愀爀椀愀戀氀攀⸀

਀䜀椀瘀攀渀 洀礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 琀栀愀琀 洀礀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 昀漀挀甀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 䤀 昀攀氀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀琀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀 愀 渀攀眀Ⰰ 甀渀攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 眀漀爀氀搀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ 一漀 搀漀甀戀琀 椀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀椀漀甀猀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀椀猀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䈀漀氀琀稀洀愀渀渀㔀 愀渀搀 倀氀愀渀挀欀㘀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 昀攀氀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 洀攀⸀ 䄀 栀甀最攀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 洀礀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 挀愀爀攀攀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀渀 戀攀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀氀甀挀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀愀挀爀漀猀挀漀瀀椀挀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 洀椀挀爀漀猀挀漀瀀椀挀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 攀砀琀攀渀搀 椀琀猀 瘀愀氀椀搀椀琀礀 琀漀 渀攀眀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 焀甀愀渀琀甀洀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀⸀

਀䈀攀昀漀爀攀 眀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 椀渀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 搀攀琀愀椀氀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 氀椀欀攀 琀漀 猀琀爀攀猀猀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 洀礀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 攀砀攀爀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 漀昀 洀礀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀猀Ⰰ 䨀攀愀渀 吀椀洀洀攀爀洀愀渀猀 ⠀㄀㠀㠀㈀ⴀ㄀㤀㜀㄀⤀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 洀漀爀攀 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀椀猀琀Ⰰ 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 琀漀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 琀漀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀挀挀漀爀搀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀 䐀甀琀挀栀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 漀昀 瘀愀渀 搀攀爀 圀愀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 刀漀漀稀攀戀漀漀洀⸀㜀

਀䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀礀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀昀爀漀渀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀挀椀猀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀愀氀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 甀猀攀昀甀氀渀攀猀猀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 䤀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀搀 洀甀挀栀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 漀昀 猀甀挀栀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀愀氀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀㬀 䤀 洀攀愀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀攀漀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀椀渀最 猀琀愀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 漀昀 椀猀漀琀漀瀀椀挀 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀搀攀渀猀攀搀 瀀栀愀猀攀⸀ 䄀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 眀椀琀栀 嘀⸀ 䴀愀琀栀漀琀Ⰰ 䄀⸀ 䈀攀氀氀攀洀愀渀猀 愀渀搀 一⸀ 吀爀愀瀀瀀攀渀椀攀爀猀 栀愀猀 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 渀攀眀 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀攀 椀猀漀琀漀瀀椀挀 搀攀洀椀砀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 栀攀氀椀甀洀 䠀攀㌀⬀ 䠀攀㐀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀愀琀挀栀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀 眀愀礀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 漀昀 氀愀琀攀爀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 洀礀 眀漀爀欀 椀猀 猀甀洀洀攀搀 甀瀀 椀渀 愀 戀漀漀欀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 椀渀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 嘀⸀ 䴀愀琀栀漀琀 愀渀搀 䄀⸀ 䈀攀氀氀攀洀愀渀猀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 吀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 匀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 㠀

਀䴀礀 眀漀爀欀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀攀氀搀 漀昀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 昀漀爀 洀攀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 瀀氀攀愀猀甀爀攀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 氀椀渀欀 眀椀琀栀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 愀氀氀漀眀猀 漀渀攀 琀漀 琀攀猀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀甀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀椀愀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀攀猀 眀攀 洀攀琀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀挀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 氀愀琀攀爀 眀愀猀 洀甀挀栀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 椀渀 洀礀 挀漀渀昀爀漀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 洀漀爀攀 愀戀猀琀爀愀挀琀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀⸀

਀䘀椀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 愀洀漀渀最 愀氀氀 琀栀漀猀攀 瀀攀爀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀猀 漀瀀攀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀挀椀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀渀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀漀 欀攀攀瀀 洀礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 椀爀爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀愀搀攀 猀漀 洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀 琀栀攀 ∀愀爀爀漀眀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀∀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀礀 猀琀愀爀琀Ⰰ 䤀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 愀琀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 愀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 爀漀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 漀渀氀礀 猀愀眀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀 搀攀最爀愀搀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 氀漀猀猀 漀昀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 眀漀爀欀⸀ 圀愀猀 椀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 䈀攀爀最猀漀渀✀猀 ∀䰀✀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 挀爀愀琀爀椀挀攀∀ 漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 䈀爀甀猀猀攀氀猀 漀昀 愀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀椀渀最 猀挀栀漀漀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 戀椀漀氀漀最礀㼀㤀 吀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 琀栀愀琀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀椀渀最猀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 甀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀琀爀椀欀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 栀椀最栀氀礀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 愀渀搀 眀栀攀爀攀 椀爀爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 愀渀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 爀漀氀攀⸀

਀匀甀挀栀 椀渀琀攀氀氀攀挀琀甀愀氀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 瘀愀最甀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㤀㐀㔀Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀洀 漀昀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 攀渀琀爀漀瀀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 渀漀渀ⴀ攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 猀琀愀琀攀猀⸀㄀　 吀栀椀猀 琀栀攀漀爀攀洀 最椀瘀攀猀 愀 挀氀攀愀爀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀渀愀氀漀最礀 眀栀椀挀栀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀愀氀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 戀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀愀琀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 ∀栀漀洀攀漀猀琀愀猀礀∀ 瀀爀漀瀀漀猀攀搀 戀礀 䌀氀愀甀搀攀 䈀攀爀渀愀爀搀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 眀栀礀Ⰰ 椀渀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 䨀⸀䴀⸀ 圀椀愀洀攀Ⰰ㄀㄀ 䤀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 琀栀攀漀爀攀洀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 戀椀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 渀愀洀攀氀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最攀琀椀挀猀 漀昀 攀洀戀爀礀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀猀 眀攀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 欀渀漀眀 琀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 搀漀洀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀洀 挀愀渀 愀琀 戀攀猀琀 最椀瘀攀 愀渀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 ∀氀愀琀攀∀ 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀 椀猀 爀攀洀愀爀欀愀戀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀猀 琀漀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀椀猀琀猀⸀㄀㈀

਀䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀礀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 䤀 欀渀攀眀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 攀渀琀爀漀瀀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 瘀愀氀椀搀 漀渀氀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀攀愀爀 戀爀愀渀挀栀 漀昀 椀爀爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀渀攀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 昀愀洀漀甀猀 爀攀挀椀瀀爀漀挀椀琀礀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 伀渀猀愀最攀爀 愀爀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀戀氀攀⸀㄀㌀ 䄀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀㨀 圀栀愀琀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 昀愀爀 昀爀漀洀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 伀渀猀愀最攀爀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 瘀愀氀椀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 猀琀椀氀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀挀漀瀀攀 漀昀 洀愀挀爀漀猀挀漀瀀椀挀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀㼀 䰀椀渀攀愀爀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 最漀漀搀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀愀 ⠀琀栀攀爀洀椀挀愀氀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀椀昀昀甀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀⤀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 渀漀琀 瘀愀氀椀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀猀⸀ 䤀渀搀攀攀搀Ⰰ 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 椀猀 攀渀猀甀爀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀眀漀 愀渀琀愀最漀渀椀猀琀椀挀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀猀 ⴀ 昀愀爀 昀爀漀洀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀Ⰰ 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀攀愀爀 戀爀愀渀挀栀 ⴀ 漀渀攀 椀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀昀爀漀渀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 椀猀 渀攀最氀椀最椀戀氀攀⸀

਀一漀琀眀椀琀栀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 氀漀挀愀氀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀椀渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 漀昀 椀爀爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 栀愀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 氀攀搀 琀漀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 猀栀漀眀渀 戀礀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䨀⸀ 䴀攀椀砀渀攀爀Ⰰ㄀㐀 匀⸀刀⸀ 搀攀 䜀爀漀漀琀 愀渀搀 倀⸀ 䴀愀稀甀爀Ⰰ㄀㔀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 戀椀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 䄀⸀ 䬀愀琀挀栀愀氀猀欀礀⸀㄀㘀 䤀琀 眀愀猀 昀漀爀 洀攀 愀 猀甀瀀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 椀渀挀攀渀琀椀瘀攀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 栀愀搀 琀漀 洀攀攀琀 洀漀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 吀栀漀猀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 栀愀搀 挀漀渀昀爀漀渀琀攀搀 甀猀 昀漀爀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 琀眀攀渀琀礀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 ㄀㤀㐀㜀 愀渀搀 ㄀㤀㘀㜀Ⰰ 甀渀琀椀氀 眀攀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 渀漀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 ∀搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀∀⸀ ㄀㜀

਀一漀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 椀渀琀爀椀渀猀椀挀愀氀氀礀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 栀愀渀搀氀攀㬀 樀甀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 欀渀漀眀 栀漀眀 琀漀 漀爀椀攀渀琀愀琀攀 漀甀爀猀攀氀瘀攀猀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 愀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀猀琀椀挀 漀昀 洀礀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 眀漀爀欀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 洀愀琀甀爀攀 椀渀 愀 猀氀漀眀 眀愀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 愀 猀甀搀搀攀渀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀 猀甀挀栀 愀 眀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 愀渀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀 漀昀 椀搀攀愀猀 眀椀琀栀 洀礀 挀漀氀氀攀愀最甀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀猀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 瀀栀愀猀攀 漀昀 洀礀 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 愀渀搀 攀渀琀栀甀猀椀愀猀琀椀挀 洀椀渀搀 漀昀 洀礀 挀漀氀氀攀愀最甀攀 倀愀甀氀 䜀氀愀渀猀搀漀爀昀昀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀 爀漀氀攀⸀

਀伀甀爀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 琀漀 最椀瘀攀 戀椀爀琀栀 琀漀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 挀爀椀琀攀爀椀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 漀昀 甀猀攀 昀愀爀 昀爀漀洀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀漀渀ⴀ氀椀渀攀愀爀 戀爀愀渀挀栀Ⰰ 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀氀椀搀椀琀礀 搀漀洀愀椀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 攀渀琀爀漀瀀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀漀爀攀洀⸀ 匀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 挀爀椀琀攀爀椀愀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀猀甀氀琀攀搀 眀攀爀攀 琀漀 氀攀愀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀 猀琀愀琀攀猀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 戀爀愀渀挀栀 猀栀椀昀琀椀渀最 愀渀搀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 渀攀眀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 甀渀攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 ∀搀椀猀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ漀爀搀攀爀∀ 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 昀愀爀 昀爀漀洀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 挀漀渀昀漀爀洀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 氀愀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 琀漀 挀栀愀渀最攀 椀渀 搀攀瀀琀栀 椀琀猀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 眀攀 渀漀眀 昀愀挀攀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 挀漀栀攀爀攀渀琀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 昀愀爀ⴀ昀爀漀洀ⴀ攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䄀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 洀礀 ㄀㤀㜀㄀ 戀漀漀欀 挀漀ⴀ愀甀琀栀漀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 䜀氀愀渀猀搀漀爀昀昀⸀㄀㠀

਀䤀渀 愀 昀椀爀猀琀Ⰰ 琀攀渀琀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀攀瀀Ⰰ 眀攀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 漀昀 栀礀搀爀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀愀氀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 甀猀椀渀最 漀甀爀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 愀猀 琀漀漀氀猀 昀漀爀 渀甀洀攀爀椀挀愀氀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 刀⸀ 匀挀栀攀挀栀琀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 吀攀砀愀猀 愀琀 䄀甀猀琀椀渀 眀愀猀 栀椀最栀氀礀 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀⸀㄀㤀 吀栀漀猀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 眀椀搀攀 漀瀀攀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 漀甀爀 挀攀渀琀爀攀 漀昀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 栀愀猀 猀栀椀昀琀攀搀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 攀愀猀礀 琀漀 猀琀甀搀礀 琀栀愀渀 挀漀渀瘀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀⸀

਀䄀氀氀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀Ⰰ 漀渀挀攀 眀攀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 愀 渀攀眀 瀀愀琀栀 眀愀猀 漀瀀攀渀 琀漀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 漀甀爀 眀漀爀欀 猀栀漀眀攀搀 猀琀爀椀欀椀渀最 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 搀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀 栀愀瀀瀀礀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最 漀昀 挀椀爀挀甀洀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀㬀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 漀甀爀 琀攀愀洀 漀昀 愀 渀攀眀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀氀攀瘀攀爀 礀漀甀渀最 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀⸀ 䤀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 栀攀爀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀漀猀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀 眀椀猀栀 琀漀 猀琀爀攀猀猀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 爀漀氀攀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 戀礀 琀眀漀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 刀⸀ 䰀攀昀攀瘀攀爀 愀渀搀 䜀⸀ 一椀挀漀氀椀猀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀洀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 愀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 戀甀椀氀搀 甀瀀 愀 渀攀眀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀愀氀 洀漀搀攀氀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 瀀爀漀瘀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 戀攀 焀甀椀琀攀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 愀渀搀 瘀攀爀礀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 ∀䈀爀甀猀猀攀氀愀琀漀爀∀Ⰰ 愀猀 䨀⸀ 吀礀猀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀愀氀氀 椀琀 氀愀琀攀爀 ⴀ 愀渀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀 琀栀攀 愀洀愀稀椀渀最 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 搀椀昀昀甀猀椀漀渀ⴀ爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀⸀㈀　 ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀